If the owner or captain carries more cargo than the ship can accommodate, what is their obligation?

When the owner or captain carries more cargo than the ship can safely accommodate, their obligation is primarily to compensate for any losses caused as a result of this overloading. This responsibility stems from the principle of safe operation in maritime law, which emphasizes that operators must take all necessary precautions to ensure the safety of the vessel, crew, and cargo.

Overloading a ship can lead to significant risks, including capsizing, structural damage, and difficulties in navigation. If such an incident occurs due to the excess cargo, the owner or captain must be prepared to bear the financial consequences, which can include damages to the cargo, the vessel, or even third-party claims. This obligation reflects the broader legal framework governing maritime commerce, where ensuring safe navigation and managing cargo capacity are critical responsibilities for ship operators.

Addressing the other options, refunding the charter fee or seeking permission from the port authority does not directly address the consequences of overloading, while liability for issues caused is a critical aspect of the maritime operational framework.